Last modified: 2004-04-17 by bruce berry
Keywords: zimbabwe | zanu | zapu | super-zapu |
Links: FOTW homepage |
search |
disclaimer and copyright |
write us |
mirrors
by Randy Young, 26 Jan 1999
This is the flag of the current ruling party in Zimbabwe, based on the
description given me by Bruce Berry: "The flag of the ruling Zimbabwe African
National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) in Zimbabwe consists of a series
of concentric rectangle stripes which are from the outside moving in towards
the centre: green, gold, red, and black (as in the colours of the Zimbabwe
flag). For example, the green stripe borders all sides of the flag, followed
by a yellow stripe and so on until there is a solid black rectangle in
the centre. Each stripe is of equal width (as in the Zimbabwe flag) and
the flag is 1:2. The Zimbabwe flag is based directly on the colours of
ZANU-PF and the symbolism of the colours is the same."
Randy Young, 21 Jan 1999
![[ZAPU flag]](../images/z/zw}zapu.gif)
by Dirk Schönberger, 14 Mar 2001
"Nations Without States" (James Minahan, 1996) states that the
party flag of the former ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union) is the
one used as a flag by the Ndebele people of Matabeleland. At
FOTW's Zimbabwean Political Flags page there is a mention of the ZAPU flag,
but no description. Minahan gives it as a horizontal tricolor with a vertical
stripe along the hoist. This vertical hoist stripe is yellow, with a black
5-pointed star. The three horizontal stripes are black with a red 5-pointed
star; red with a green 5-pointed star; and green with a yellow 5-pointed
star. In each case the star is shown as centered, and almost but not quite
touching the top and bottom of the stripe (or left and right edge in the
case of the vertical stripe of course). Overall the flag's ratio is shown
as 2:3, and the width of the vertical stripe equals the height of one of
the horizontal stripes (based only on observation of the line drawing,
specifications not given).
Ned Smith, 14 Mar 2001
The flag used by the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) during the liberation struggle against the minority-regime in Rhodesia in the 1970s is not the same as that described by Ned Smith as being used by the Ndebele in Zimbabwe. ZAPU was headed by the late Joshua Nkomo and had a guerrilla force know as the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) which operated mainly from bases in Zambia. ZAPU, together with the Zimbabwe National People's Union (ZANU) led by Robert Mugabe and its forces known as the Zimbabwe National African Liberation Army (ZANLA) which operated mainly from Mozambique, formed a political alliance known as the Patriotic Front (PF). At the time of the pre-independence elections in 1980, the parties spilt into their respective factions as ZANU-PF and PF-ZAPU. ZAPU was predominantly Ndebele (from the south and west of the country) and ZANU was predominantly Shona. The Shona comprise approximately 80% of the population and hence it was not surprising that ZANU-PF won the elections. In December 1987 a Unity Accord was signed between the two parties whereby ZAPU was incorporated into ZANU-PF and Joshua Nkomo became one of two vice-presidents of Zimbabwe.
The flag used by ZAPU during the 1970s comprised four horizontal stripes of red, green, yellow and black. In the centre was a representation of the Great Zimbabwe Ruins in black within a circle on a white/beige background. There were also four five-pointed stars - one at each corner of the flag. These were also in black, yellow, red and green. This flag was also used by the ZIPRA forces and was rarely seen following independence in 1980. It was certainly not used after the Unity Accord in December 1987 when ZAPU, to all intents and purposes, ceased to exist as a separate political entity.
The flag mentioned by Ned Smith does contain some of the central elements
of the former ZAPU flag. The current situation in Zimbabwe has seen
growing political opposition to the ruling ZANU-PF party but I am not aware
that ZAPU, as a political party, has been revived.
Bruce Berry, 15 Mar 2001
Some years ago I received from Michael Faul, membership secretary of The Flag Institute and a former citizen of Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, colour drawings of the flags of four political parties of Zimbabwe used in the 1980 independence election. There were five flags, one for ZAPU used before the election, and one for ZAPU(PF) used during the election. (ZANU and ZAPU formed a coallition called the Patriotic Front, and both parties used the PF after their names. ZANU, the ruling parties since 1980, is still known as ZANU-PF.)
The flag Mr. Faul shows as being used by ZAPU-PF in the 1980 election is the same as that described and illustrated earlier, with a yellow vertical bar, and black/red/green horzintal bars, al with different coloured stars. However, unlike the description and illustration previously provided to this list which shows a red star on the black stripe, Mr. Faul's drawing has a white star on the black stripe. The red star would have been consistent with the older ZAPU flag described by Bruce Berry (four stripes, red/green/yellow/black, with black and yellow stars at hoist and fly of the red stripe, and red and green star at hoist and fly of black stripe, with a badge in centre showing the Great Zimbabwe ruins).
I asked Mr. Faul about this, and he affirms that the flags he saw in
Zimbabwe during the 1980 election used the white star on the black bar.
He also noted that he never saw an actual flag, but representations of
the flag printed on political posters and T-shirts.
Devereaux D. Cannon, 20 Mar 2001
As far I know, the new ZAPU flag adopted at end of 1979 or in 1980 was used in Matabeland in 1982-1986, when Nkomo broke with Mugabe, and liberated zones were created in two provinces of Matabeland. As party flags the upper star is reported white in Flagmaster. 1986 reconciliation took effect. ZAPU disappeared in 1987. 1987-1988 operated the called Super-ZAPU sponsored by South Africa, opposed to Mugabe but mainly Ndebele. Their flags are not known to me.
Revolutionary flags:
UANC (Abel Muzorewa) two succesive flags (before 1979 and after 1979)
ZANU and ZANLA (concentric rectangles, several versions reported)
ZAPU and ZIPRA, indicated by Bruce. The stars are not clear. Flagmaster
reported yellow near hoist and black in fly but I believe that is the single
source for this, rest say black in hoist in yellow in fly. Mainly sources
give green star near hoist and red in fly (I don't know any source that
gives red star near hoist)
PF 197?-1979 (I don't know if a single unified flag exist)
Party flags
ZANU-PF after 1979. Unknown but perhaps same as before
ZAPU-PF, as reported by Minahan 1979/80-1987 (white upper star according
Flagmaster)
Jaume Ollé, 25 Mar 2001
Yesterday I saw a CD cover for the CD "Survival" by Bob Marley &
The Wailers. The cover contains 49 flags (which all appear to be
African Nationals except for Papua/New Guinea). Several of the flags
are older versions (the CD dates from 1990), but there was one that I could
not identify. It is divided horizontally with even stripes of red-green-yellow-black.
Going clockwise in the corners from upper left are stars, yellow-black-red-green.
In the center is a white disk with black images that kind of look like
a village.
Michael Smuda, 8 Aug 2001
This is the flag of ZAPU - the Zimbabwe African People's Union- during
the 1970s.
Ned Smith, 9 Aug 2001
by Marcus Schmöger, 27 Mar 2004
During some recent research into German political flags I came across an
article in DKP (German Communist Party), "Unsere Zeit" of 17 Feb
1975 about a "tribunal against colonialism and apartheid" which had been held in Bonn (Germany)
and where the above flag was shown. Participants of the meeting were from South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe: ANC, SWAPO, ZANU and ZAPU.
Marcus Schmöger, 27 Mar 2004
This flag of ZAPU (Zimbabwe African Peoples Union) is shown in The Flag Institute Bulletin
(No. 005 of 01.08.1978) and in an article in the Czech Vexilologie
journal (No.18 of March 1976) by Pavel Fojtik and Jaroslav Martykan on the Flags of
Freedom. It is also discussed in other vexillological bulletins such as Vexillinfo by
R.Baert and Flaggenmitteilung by G.Mattern.
The flag is composed of horizontal stripes (from top to bottom) of red, green, yellow and
black and stars (from a star at a staff above, clockwise) of yellow, black, green and
red. In the center on a white circle is a stylized image of the ruins
of ancient Zimbabwe in black and two black trees.
Mikhail Revnivtsev, 28 Mar 2004
I know the sources quoted but I believe the central circle is yellow and not
white. The order of the stars I believe is (starting from the upper hoist corner, clockwise) black, yellow, red and green.
Jaume Ollé, 29 Mar 2004
Yes, in Vexilologie No. 18 (p.233) the central disc is described as yellow.
In The Flag Institute Bulletin No. 005 (sheet 4) colour of this disk was not specified.
In the German (GDR) magazine Urania I saw in 1970 it shows a white disk.
Again, in Vexilologie No. 18 (p.233) order of an arrangement of colour stars on a flag is
as indicated by Jaume. But again, in The Flag Institute Bulletin No. 005 (sheet 4) and
Urania, the colours are given as yellow, black, green and red.
This is probably because the flag was never officially authorised and variations occured
during manufacture.
Mikhail Revnivtsev, 30 Mar 2004
Yes, it is true that there was a movement called "Super-ZAPU", which
was supported by the apartheid regime in South Africa against the Mugabe
government in Zimbabwe in the 1980s. This support would have been along the same lines
as the support given to Renamo in Mozambique against Frelimo and was part
of the "destabilisation" efforts of the former South African government
in southern Africa. I am not aware of any flag used by Super-ZAPU. Unlike Renamo, the movement
did not survive for long and the "Unity Accord" between ZAPU and ZANU saw
Nkomo and Mugabe patch up their differences and the two political parties
merged and Nkomo became Vice President of Zimbabwe. Numerically the Ndebele
only account for 20% of the population of Zimbabwe, so they are unlikely
to be more than a minority political force
Bruce Berry, 14 Dec 1998
![[ufe]](../images/z/zw-airz.gif)
image sent by Albert S Kirsch, 17 Jan 2002
This is a photo from The Economist, 12 Jan 2002, page 15, showing
demonstrators in the latest election campaign in Zimbabwe. can anyone identify
what flag is being flown (and echoed on one man's shirt)?
Albert S Kirsch, 17 Jan 2002